Printed electronics is a collection of printing techniques used to create electrical devices on a variety of substrates. Screen printing, flexography, gravure, offset lithography, and inkjet are examples of common printing equipment used to define patterns on material. These are low-cost processes by electronic-industry standards. On the substrate, electrically functional electronic or optical inks are deposited, resulting in active or passive devices such as thin film transistors, capacitors, coils, and resistors. According to some researchers, printed electronics will enable widespread, low-cost, low-performance electronics for applications such as flexible displays, smart labels, decorative and animated posters, and active clothing that do not require high performance.
Printed electronics are thin and flexible electronic components created by printing specialised, functional ink formulations onto a substrate. For printed electronics applications, a wide range of ink formulations and substrates are available. This has resulted in the development of a large number of new application fields, including traditional industries with no prior connection to electronics, such as textiles or furniture.
Printed materials for smart fabrics and wearable electronics, such as communication, health monitoring, and OLED displays, are another major market driver. Flexible displays are notable for their light weight, ultra-thinness, bendability, shatter-proofness, energy efficiency, and portability. The increasing use of printed electronics in memory or logic, as well as various sensors, is one of the market's major growth drivers. Furthermore, the advancement of portable and miniaturised electronic devices is increasing the use of printed electronics in a variety of industries around the world.
The human eye determines the maximum required resolution of structures in conventional printing. Feature sizes smaller than about 20 m are indistinguishable by the human eye and, as a result, exceed the capabilities of conventional printing processes. Higher resolution and smaller structures, on the other hand, are required in much electronics printing because they directly affect circuit density and functionality (especially transistors). A similar requirement applies to the accuracy with which layers are printed on top of one another (layer to layer registration). Controlling thickness, holes, and material compatibility (wetting, adhesion, and solubility) are all important, but they only matter in traditional printing if the eye can detect them. For printed electronics, on the other hand, the visual impression is unimportant.
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